Leaves of Tinospora cordifolia
Old stem of Tinospora cordifolia
Extract of Tinospora cordifolia sold in Tinh Bien An giang Viet Nam.
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In Vietnam, Tinospora cordifolia has traditionally been used to treat the malaria disease, but in Angiang province cattle keepers use it to deworm the fattening beef cattle. By observation it seems the beef cattle in the farms are growing well and there are few parasite eggs in the faeces samples.
Two trials in a comparative study were conducted with 12 beef cattle in each. The first trial tested the use of Tinospora cordifolia in fresh or meal style in the low treatment dose (100mg DM/kg lw) and the second trial tested 2 style Tinospora cordifolia in high treatment dose (250 mg DM/kg lw) compared with the control group of Ivermectin.. The experiments were in a Completely Randomized design.
During the 6-week experimental period, the grazing beef cattle receiving high dose of Tinospora cordìfolia was lower parasite egg counts than those in the control group Ivermectin and in low dose of Tinospora cordìfolia the cattle was higher parasite egg counts than those in the control group Ivermectin. There was no different effect had been found between two styles of Tinospora cordìfolia.
Tinospora cordifolia is a large, glabrous, deciduous climbing shrub belonging to the family Menispermaceae. It is distributed throughout tropical Indian subcontinent and China, ascending to an altitude of 300 m.
In An Giang (Viet Nam), the plant is commonly known as Tinh Bien. The stem of Tinospora cordifolia are rather succulent with long filiform fleshy aerial roots from the branches. The bark is creamy white to grey, deeply left spirally, the space in between being spotted with large rosette like lenticels. The leaves are membranous and cordate. The flowers are small and yellow or greenish yellow. In auxiliary and terminal racemes or racemose panicles, the male flowers are clustered and female are usually solitary. The drupes are ovoid, glossy, succulent, red and peasized. The seeds are curved. Fruits are fleshy and single seeded. Flowers grow during the summer and fruits during the winter.
Tinaspora cordifolia (commonly known as Day coc or “day than thong”) it is well known for its adaptogenic and immunomodulatory activities. This plant is widely used in traditional system of medicine to treat jaundice, rheumatism, urinary diseases, intermittent fever and eye aliments.
In Angiang province cattle keepers use it to deworm the fattening beef cattle. By observation it seems the beef cattle in the farms are growing well and thee are few parasite eggs in the faeces samples.
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Leaves of Tinospora cordifolia |
Old stem of Tinospora cordifolia |
Extract of Tinospora cordifolia sold in Tinh Bien An giang Viet Nam. |
Giving an aqueous suspension of dried stems of Tinospora cordifolia to cattle will reduce the faecal egg counts and increasedthe growth rate.
The experiment was a Completely Randomied design, of 3 treatment and 3 replicates. The treatments are:
Control: The cattle are injected with Ivermectine at the start of the trial
Fresh TC: The cattle are drenched with a suspension of fresh Tinospora cordifolia at the beginning of the fattening period
Meal TC: The cattle are drenched with a suspension of meal Tinospora cordifolia at the beginning of the fattening period
The cattle are weighed at the beginning and at 14 day intervals over the 8 month period of fattening. Records are kept of feeds offered and refused, and samples taken for determination of DM and N.
Faecal samples are taken from the rectum of all cattle before the trial begins and at monthly intervals. About 4 g of faeces for determination of nematode eggs and coccidia oocysts. McMaster fecal egg count technique, as reported in Niezen et al (1995) and analyzed for chemical composition (AOAC 1990). Statistical analyses were done with pooled data of cattle to compare treatment effects using the GLM procedure (SAS 1987). Tinospora cordifolia was prepared as reported by Raghunathan and Mittra (1982).
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) is a large, glabrous, deciduous climbing shrub belonging to the family Menispermmaceae. A variety of constituents have been isolated from Tinospora codifolia plant and their structures were elucidated. They belong to different classes such as alkaloids, diderpenoids lactones, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoid, phenolics, aliphatic compounds and polysaccharides (Singh, 2004). Leaves of this plant are quite rich in protein (11.2%) and are fairly rich in calcium and phosphorus.
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Table 1: Effect of drenching and Tinospora cordifolia on nematode egg counts (rate (%) down eggs/g DM feces) (250 mg DM/kg/d bw) |
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5 date |
10 date |
15 date |
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Fresh TC |
33.88 |
58.65 |
73.06 |
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Meal TC |
37.28 |
52.98 |
61.25 |
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Ivermectin |
27.95 |
38.08 |
45.91 |
After 15 day, for the control group Ivermectin with treatment (250 mg/kg/d), percent down egg counts (45.91%) lower percent down egg counts both treatments fresh TC (73.06%) and meal TC (61.25%). The same trends were found in cattle. These results support the conclusions of Netpana et al (2001).
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Figure 1: Effect of drenching and Tinospora cordifolia on nematode egg counts (rate (%) down eggs/g DM feces) (250 mg/kg/day) |
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Table 2: Effect of drenching and Tinospora cordifolia on nematode egg counts (rate (%) down eggs/g DM feces) (100 mg DM/kg/d bw) |
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5 date |
10 date |
15 date |
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Fresh TC |
14.8 |
25.58 |
33.22 |
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Meal TC |
15.99 |
27.02 |
36.66 |
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Ivermectin |
31.4 |
58.68 |
70.45 |
After 15 day, for the control group Ivermectin with treatment (100 mg/kg/d), percent down egg counts (70.45%) higher percent down egg counts both treatments fresh TC(33.22%) and meal TC (36.66%). The same trends were found in cattle. These results support the conclusions of Netpana et al (2001).
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Figure 2: Effect of drenching and Tinospora cordifolia on nematode egg counts (rate (%) down eggs/g DM feces) (100 mg/kg/d) |
Thus the research question is rising as to whether Tinospora cordifolia effectively controls the internal parasites so that it improve the growth rate of beef cattle.
During the 6-week period, the grazing beef cattle receiving Tinospora cordìfolia (250 mg/kg/d) was lower parasite egg counts than those in the control group Ivermectin But Tinospora cordìfolia (100 mg/kg/d) was higher parasite egg counts than those in the control group Ivermectin.
Based on the results of this preliminary experiment, it can be concluded that feeding of Tinospora cordifolia, containing moderate levels of condensed Alkaloid, will have the effect of reducing nematode egg counts in beef cattle. Howere, further research is needed to determine the effects of longterm growth of beef cattle and different levels of Tinospora cordifolia
Agarwal SK, Singh SS, Verma S, Kumar S. 1999 Two picrotoxin derivatives from Anamirta cocculus. Phytochemistry 1999;50:1365-8.
Agarwal SK, Singh SS, Verma S.1999 Antifungal principle of sesquiterpene lactones from Anamirta cocculus. Indian Drugs 1999;36:754-5.
AOAC 1990 Official Methods of Analysis, Association of Official Analytical Chemists 15th edition (K Helrick editor) Arlington pp 1230
Bhatt RK, Sabata BK.1990 Structure of tinosporide: Its identity in all respects with jateorin (1S, 2S, 3R, 4R, 5R, 8S, 10R,12S)-4-hydroxy-2,3:15,16-diepoxycleroda-13(16), 14-dieno-17, 12:18, 1-biscarbolactone. Indian J Chem Sec B 1990;29:521-4.
Dixit SN, Khosa RL.1971 Chemical investigation of Tinospora cordifolia. Indian J Appl Chem 1971; 34:46-7.
Khosa RL, Prasad S 1971. Pharmacognostical studies on Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia Miers). J Res Ind Med 1971; 6:261-9. (Singh, 2004).
Kidwai AR, Salooja KC, Sharma VN, Siddiqui S 1949. Chemical examination of Tinospora cordifolia. J Sci Ind Res 1949; 8:115-8.
Netpana N, M Wanapat, O Poungchompu and W Toburan 2001 Effect of condensed tannins in cassava hay on fecal parasitic egg counts in swamp buffaloes and cattle” http://www.mekarn.org/procKK/netp.htm
Nayampalli SS, Desai NK, Ainapure SS. 1986 Anti-allergic properties of Tinospora cardifolia in animal models. Indian J Pharm 1986;18:250-2.
Niczen J H, Waghorn T S, Charleston W A G and Waghorn G C 1995 Growth and gastrointestinal nematode parasitism in lambs grazing either lucerne (Medicago sativa) or sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) which contains condensed tannins. J. Agric. Sci. Cambridge, 125: 281 – 289
Raghunathan, K. and R. Mittra: 1982 Pharmacognosy of Indigenous Drugs, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha, New Delhi (1982)
SAS 1987 SAS/STAT Guide for Personal computers. Version 6, Cary, NC:SAS Inc.
Wanapat M, Pimpa O, Petlum A and Boontao U 1997 Cassava hay; A new strategic feed for ruminants during the dry season. Liverstock. Research for Rural Development, 9(2): http://www.cipav.org.co/Irrd9/2/metha9.htm
