Evaluation of the apparent digestibility and Nitrogen retention in growing pigs given diets with supplements of catfish by-products and coconut oil

Tran Trung Tuan and T R Preston

Ang Giang University, Vietnam

Abstract

The experiment was carried out to determine the effect of coconut oil (3, 6 and 9%) on the coefficients of total tract digestibility (CTTAD) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE) and nitrogen retention in growing pig at an initial age of 45 days with the mean body 10±0.5 kg. The control treatment (SB) is based on maize and soybean meal. The treatment 3% (CO3) is based on maize and head and bone catfish by-product plus 3% of coconut oil of diet DM. The treatment 6% (CO6) is based on maize and head and bone catfish by-product plus 6% of coconut oil. The treatment 9% (CO9) is based on maize and head and bone catfish by-product plus 9% of coconut oil. The four diets were fed to four growing pigs in a 4x4 Latin Square design.

There were differences among the diets in dry matter intake (DMI) and the coefficients of apparent total tract digestibility (CTTAD) of dry matter and crude protein, that were highest in SB diets (519; 90.2 and 95.2, respectively) and lowest in CO9 diets (331; 82.9 and 89.4, respectively). In which, DMI of CO6 was significant with the rest and CTTAD of DM and CP of CO6 were non-significant with CO3 and CO9. On the contrast, the CTTAD of EE was the highest in CO9 diets (93.9) and lowest in SB (89.9), but was non-significant with CO3 and CO6.

There were differences in nitrogen balance between diets with significant, in which the animals tended to get more nitrogen than the diets contained catfish by-product, however, when supplemented coconut oil over 6% nitrogen intake rapidly decreased. Moreover, elimination of nitrogen thought feces and urine in CO6 diet was more in other diets. Retained nitrogen in SB diet was higher three times compared to CO9 and gradually reduced in orderly from SB diet to level of supplemented coconut oil.

It can therefore be concluded that the total tract apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and ether extract and N retention was highest in the diet with maize and soybean meal and lowest in the diet with supplemented coconut oil at 9% head and bone catfish by-product meal.

Key words: coefficient of apparent total tract digestibility; growing pigs; soybean meal; head and bone catfish by-product; coconut oil

Introduction

Remote smallholders in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam are faced with problem of low profit and income from pig production because of increasing animal feed price. Whereas, the by-product of catfish processing, which are abundant, and account for 60% of the capacity of entering catfish processing factory (Lovell 1980) and accounted for 65% by-products of the volume Nguyen Thi Thuy et al (2007).  This means that catfish residue has a great potential as protein source for pig production. According to Le Thi Men et al (2005) by-product residue can be replaced marine fish meal of pig diets.

Maize is a feed rich in energy, containing 3200-3300 kcal/kg whole, in the contrast is poor in protein. Nutritional (CP, CF and EE) digestibility of maize in pig is 69.9; 40.7 and 55.7. Le Duc Ngoan et al (2004).

Nutrient digestibility was effect on different sources of fat (Cera et al, 1989).  According to Li et al (1990) reported that vegetable fats are more digestible than animal fat (J Jørgensen et al.1992, 1993) and increasing digestibility of fat with time post weaning. Fatty acids contained in coconut oil were saturated that had mostly medium long chain (C8 to C14) (Jones et al, 1992) (Henry Jørgensen et al 2000).

Objectives

To study effect of the apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and nitrogen retention in pigs given diets with supplements of catfish by-product and coconut oil  

Materials and Methods

The experiment was conducted in trial station and samples were analyzed in laboratory   of Angiang University, from February to May, 2011.  

The animals were used in the experiment, bought from private farm in Longxuyen city, Angiang province. Four crossbred (Landrace x Large White x Duroc) castrated pigs with the mean body at 45 days of age were 10±0.5 kg. All pigs were kept in metabolism cage (0.8 x 0.8m) to record feed intake and designed to saparate feces and urine and made from bamboo.

All ingredients were bought at the same time before conducting experiment and ingrediental samples were taken to analysed for dry matter and crude protein before making experimentally dietary formula. 

The treatments are:

The control treatment (SB) is based on maize and soybean meal.

The treatment 3% (CO3) is based on maize and head and bone catfish by-product plus                                                   3% of coconut oil of diet DM.

The treatment 6% (CO6) is based on maize and head and bone catfish by-product plus                                                   6% of coconut oil of diet DM.

The treatment 9% (CO9) is based on maize and head and bone catfish by-product plus                                                   9% of coconut oil of diet DM.

All experimental diets were formulated to contain 14% CP. The experiment is designed as Latin Square with four treatments and four replications, and twelve days per period in which seven initial days for adaptation of experiment diets; seven last days reduced the amount of offering feed to 90%. Two days between periods, all pigs were fed maize. Animals were fed 4 times per day at 8, 11, 14 and 17 o’clock, and freely to access to water.

During the last five days of each period, the amount of offered and refused feed was recorded to calculate feed intake. Samples of offered feed, feces and urine of individual pigs were collected and stored at -4^oC. At the end of experiment, total samples were pooled and sub-samples were taken to analyzed for dry matter (DM) ether extract (EE) and ash according to the standard methods of AOAC (1990), and crude protein (CP) was determined by the Kjeldahl procedure.

The data for apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and ash were analyzed as a Latin Square Design by using the General Linear Model (GLM) of the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) procedure of the Minitab statistical software release 14 (Minitab, 2003). The Tukey Test for pair-wise comparisons was used to separate means when the differences were significant at the five percent level. Sources of variation were: animals, treatments, periods and error.

Results and discussion

In results from analysis of ingredients (Table 5) head and bone catfish by-product containing dry matter was higher than results which reported from Nguyen Thi Thuy et al (2007), and Tran Trung Tuan and Brian Ogle (2010), and crude protein was agreement with Nguyen Thi Thuy et al (2007) shown, but higher than reported by Tran Trung Tuan and Brian Ogle (2010). On the other hand, ether extract and ash were lower than results that Nguyen Thi Thuy et al (2007) and Tran Trung Tuan and Brian Ogle (2010) reported. The different results can be explained that chemical composition of head and bone catfish by-products which used into experiments, to be different between manufactories and processing extract oil catfish. 

There were differences among the diets in dry matter intake (DMI) and the coefficients of apparent total tract digestibility (CTTAD) of dry matter and crude protein, that were highest in SB diets (519; 90.2 and 95.2, respectively) and lowest in CO9 diets (331; 82.9 and 89.4, respectively) (Table 7). In which, DMI of CO6 was significant with the other and CTTAD of DM and CP of CO6 were non-significant with CO3 and CO9. The DMI increased when diets supplemented coconut oil to 6%. This result was agreement with Dove (1995) feed supplied 5% animal oil, raising dairy feed intake. But DMI reduced when diet up to 9%. This can be explained by the fact that containing ash was increased, therefore resulting diminishing DMI. This was similar to Tran Trung Tuan and Brian Ogle (2010) reported that diets was higher ash contain, was lower DMI. On the contrast, the CTTAD of EE was the highest in CO9 diets (93.9) and lowest in SB (89.9) but was non-significant with CO3 and CO6. According to Noblet and Perez (1993), Le Goff and Noblet (2001) considered that the diets were higher EE, was more digestible. Supplementation of fat into dietary pig was stimulated absorption fatty feed better than non-supply.    

There were differences in nitrogen balance between diets (Table 8), in which the animals tended to get more nitrogen than the diets contained catfish by-product, however, when supplemented coconut oil over 6% nitrogen intake rapidly decreased. Moreover, elimination of nitrogen thought feces and urine in CO6 diet was more in other diets (P<0.001). Retained nitrogen in SB diet was higher three times compared to CO9 and gradually reduced (P<0.001) in orderly from SB diet to level of supplemented coconut oil. These results were lower than Nguyen Thi Thuy et al (2010) reported.  It can be explained that the differences in nitrogen balance between diets maybe lower the quality of protein structure in head and bone catfish by-product than soybean meal.

Conclusions

It can therefore be concluded that the total tract apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and ether extract and N retention was highest in the diet with maize and soybean meal  and lowest in the diet with supplemented coconut oil at 9% bone and head catfish by-product meal

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the MEKARN project (the Sida-SAREC agency) for the financial support of this research.

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