Aquaculture division - Faculty of Animal science
Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry
Abstract
The study to find out species of suitable animals is very
necessary for the rural area, especially in remove mountain areas.
Two treatments to raise fish, and integrated pig and fish are
carried out in Hongha and Huongnguyen communes. In the first
treatment, fish were cultured and fed agricultural by-products
(such as leaves, roots of cassava; peanuts; sweet potato, banana,
grass.) and small part of supplement feed. The second one, that
kinds of feed were used for pigs, then manure of pigs was fed for
fish. The results showed that integrated pigs and fish in household
can get profit (efficiency of capital is 24.84%), however the using
directly agricultural by-products in fishpond get very high
efficiency in economic (IRR of treatment 1 and 2 are 0.793 and
0.25, in respectively). FCR of fish in treatment 1 are from 5.1 to
6.9 (it's rather high, but the farmers can collect it around their
houses). And FCR of treatment 2 are from 3.8 to 3.29 (lower than
treatment 1 but they have to pay more money for it). The primary
result of study showed that in the using agricultural by-products
in fishpond is suitable in the poor rural areas in Thua Thien Hue
province.
INTRODUCTION
Hongha and Huong nguyen are two the poorest communes of the
mountainous Aluoi district, Thua Thien Hue Province. Both communes
has more than 430 households (over 4500 people). In these, more
than 95% of them are ethnic people. The living standard of the
people in these communes is still low. Their income mainly depends
on crop cultivation, such as cassava, sweet potatoes, peanuts,
maize, etc.
The results of the recent studies show that there are a large
number of crop by-products in this area. Most of them are not used,
only a little amount is used for feeding domestic animals. However,
the studies on using these by-products resource in fish culture
have not been carried out yet. Therefore, the study on utilizing
these by-products to feed other animal species in different ways is
necessary. Hongha and Huongnguyen communes are suitable areas to
meet the requirements of this study. The results of this research
will help the local people to increase the efficiency of production
and their living standard.
HYPOTHESIS
This research is implemented in order to find out the suitable
way for using the available natural resource of green feed in
mountain areas. The results will solve the problems:
-
To diversify animal species using crop by-products
-
Using available local crop residues and animal manure
-
Establishing suitable models adapting to social and nature conditions of ethnic farmers.
-
To increase income of the local people
MATERIALS AND METHODS
-
Duration:The treatments were stated from September 2002 to 25th of Jan. 2003. (This report is only showing the primary results of five months studying).
-
Research sites: There were two treatments and 3 replicates, using different feed to culture fish, or pigs and fish which were implemented at 6 families which have got fish ponds and piggeries already.
Treatment 1: Using directly fresh green
feed (by-products), such as leaves, roots of cassava; peanut,
leaves of sweet potato, banana; grass, etc…as the source of
feed for fish. Besides, using small amount of artificial food as
the supplement.
Treatment 2:Pigs were fed with the same kind of
fish in treatment 1, the manure of pig was use as the feed for
fish.
The diagram of the treatments as bellow:
Details of the treatment are described as
follows:
Treatment 1 (BP):(involved site
1-3)
+ Pond area of site 1: 180m2; site 2:
220m2; and site 3: 150m2
+ Stocking density: 2 fish/m2
+ Species of fish: Grass carp, Tilapia, mud carp with the ratio
50:25:25 respectively.
+ Feeding fish with crude crop residues, such as leaves and root
cassava, leaves of peanut, banana, etc…
+ Size of fish: 54.6±3.5 g/fish.
- Treatment 2 (BP-PM): (involved site 4 to site
6)
+ Pond area of site 4: 150m2; site 2:
120m2; and site 3: 135m2
+ Each site raises 3 pigs. Breeds of pig are crossed Mongcai
with Large-white. Average weight of breed pig is around 13.5kg
-15.5kg.
+ Pigs were fed by feed the same of fish in treatment
1.
+ Feeding fish with the manure of pigs, which were fed with the
crop by-products.
+ Species of fish: Silver carp, tilapia, mud cap, and common
carp with the ratio 5:2: 2:1 respectively.
+ The density of fish was 2 fish/m2.
-
Indicators:
-
Amount of green feed supplied for each site study (by dry mater)
-
Amount of artificial supplemental food for each site study (DM)
-
Fluctuations of environmental factors for every week (include: DO, pH, temp., turbidity, cells of plankton,…)
-
The fish and pig weight increasing were measured every months.
-
Economical efficiency of each treatments (input and output)
-
Data analysis: All of the data were analyzed by the statistics in agriculture
RESULTS
The fluctuations of environmental factors in the
fish ponds
On research duration we observed the fluctuations of
environmental factors of water ponds (such as: dissolved oxygen,
pH, Turbidity, plankton, etc.). The data are showed on table
1.
|
Table 1. Environmental factors in the fish
ponds |
||||||
|
Site |
Area |
DO (mg/l) |
pH |
T (0C) |
Turbidity (cm) |
Plankton (cells/liter) |
|
(m2) |
||||||
|
1 (BP) |
180 |
4.4 ± 0.22 |
7.0 - 7.6 |
23.4±6.5 |
> 65 |
654,000 |
|
2(BP) |
220 |
4.2 ± 0.43 |
7.0 - 7.5 |
23.5±5.3 |
> 60 |
430,000 |
|
3(BP) |
150 |
3.7 ± 0.46 |
6.8 - 7.3 |
22.4±6.3 |
> 50 |
812,000 |
|
4(BP-PM) |
150 |
3.5 ± 0.25 |
7.0 - 7.3 |
23.2±6.0 |
40 - 50 |
1,150,000 |
|
5(BP-PM) |
120 |
3.1 ± 0.44 |
7.0 - 7.3 |
22.2±6.7 |
40 - 50 |
1,272,000 |
|
6(BP-PM) |
135 |
2.7 ± 0.63 |
6.8 - 7.2 |
23.0±5.8 |
40 - 50 |
1,543,000 |
The results in table 1 showed that:
-In generally, the fluctuations of the environmental factors are
in endurance of cultured fish. There are some differences of DO
contents in the ponds. The fluctuation is significant in the fish
ponds which has smaller area. The average temperature of water is
around 22.20C - 23.60C. However, the its
difference is quite big (±5.30C to ±
6.80C). It was caused by air temperature of the weather
of the autumn and the winter.
- In two group treatments are quite different water quality of
the factors DO, turbidity, and density of plankton. In the ponds of
treatment 1, DO content is always above 3.5mg O2/liter.
But in the treatment 2, most of DO is under that level and the
lowest in the sixth site (2,7±0.63mg/l). The turbidity and
density of plankton are opposite way of DO fluctuation and they
have the relation each other. It means that in the ponds which high
density of plankton are more turbidity.
- The densities of plankton in ponds of treatment 2 are so high
(more than 1.2 millions cells/ml. The development of plankton is
result of the fertilization of pig's manure. The high density of
plankton is important feed source of silver carp and
tilapia.
Weight increasing of cultured fish in treatment BP
With the species of grass carp, tilapia, and mud carp culture in
ponds after 4 months their weight increased rather good. They are
showed in table 2
|
Table 2. Average fish weight during the experiment /
Unit: gram/fish |
|||||
|
Site |
Time (months) |
||||
|
No |
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
1 |
54.6 ± 3.5 |
121 ± 5.8 |
202 ± 8.9 |
333 ±7.6 |
502±12.6 |
|
2 |
54.6± 3.5 |
148 ±4.6 |
229 ±6.3 |
369 ±8.5 |
528 ± 8.7 |
|
3 |
54.6± 3.5 |
113 ± 9.4 |
175±11.7 |
266±13.4 |
388±14.6 |
The average weight of fish in the ponds of treatment 1 increased
rather high. That showed that the kinds of feed for fish are
suitable. The grass carp ate green feed and its manure were feed
for tilapia and mud carp.
The growth of fish in site 1 and 2 are very fast and they have
no significant difference (P > 0.05). However, the gained weight
of fish in site 3 is lower and it is significant difference with
site 1& 2 (P < 0,05).
The different fish weight in site 3 with the others is
understood that the amount of green feed supplied was not enough
(2,514.5 kg in site 3 compare with over 3,603 kg and 3,605 kg in
site 1 and site 2, respectively). Beside, the water quality of
environmental conditions in site 3 (see table 1) isn't better than
site 1 and 2.
To evaluate feed conversion ratio of fish cultured in the ponds
had the results as table 3.
|
Table 3. The FCR of fish cultured in treatment
BP |
|||||
|
|
Green feed (kg) |
Formula |
Total weight of fish (kg) |
|
|
|
Site |
Fresh |
Dry |
Feed (kg) |
FCR |
|
|
|
weight |
matter |
|
|
|
|
1 |
3603.6 |
767.6 |
90 |
161 |
5.3 |
|
2 |
3605 |
767.8 |
90 |
166 |
5.1 |
|
3 |
2514.5 |
535.5 |
90 |
100 |
6.9 |
The FCR of fish in the site 1 and 2 is similar (5.3 and 5.1) and
they aren't significant difference (P > 0.05). While, it is 6.9
in site 3. And FCR of fish in site 3 is very significant difference
with site 1 and 2 (P=0.001).
The amount of fish feed is not enough and the quality of water
is not good are the causes making unhealthy fish, so its FCR is
higher.
The weight increasing of pigs and fish in treatment
2
This treatment the integrated model of pig and fish is used. Pig
was fed with greed (agriculture by-product) and artificial feed.
However, the ratio of these parts is not same one in treatment 1
(due to the dieted requirement of pig). The pig's manure is used as
direct feed of fish (without any supplement). The result of
research is showed in table 4.
|
Table 4 . Weight Increasing of raising animal in the
treatment BP-PM |
|||||||
|
Site |
Green feed |
Artificial feed |
Increase weight of animals |
Total |
FCR |
||
|
(kg) |
(kg) |
(kg) |
|||||
|
|
Fresh weight |
DM |
|
kg/Pig |
g/Fish |
|
|
|
4 |
1284 |
273.5 |
430 |
146.5 |
67.3 |
231.8 |
3.29 |
|
5 |
1238 |
263.7 |
430 |
133.6 |
58.4 |
192 |
3.61 |
|
6 |
1152 |
245.4 |
430 |
155.2 |
64.3 |
219.5 |
3.08 |
The data from table 4 gave us some comments:
-
Although the amount feed supply in three integrated culture sites didn't distinguish clearly, but there were significant differences of pig's gained weight each other (P < 0.05). The lowest pig's gained weight is at site 5 because duration culture the pigs were sick (diarrhea) for more than week. The difference between site 4 and 6 haven't been determined the correct reason (may be difference in skill of farmers).
-
In similarity, The fish cultured in site 5 gained only 58.4 kg (67.3 kg and 64.3 kg in sites 4 & 6, respectively). The difference of fish weight in site 5 with site 4 and 6 is significant (P < 0.05). In while, it is not significant between sites 4 and 6 (P > 0.05). The reason of the difference is amount of fish in site 5 lower than other sites (240 fish, in site 4 and 6 are 300; 270 fish, respectively). The average gained weight of fish in treatment 2 very lower than its in treatment 1 (P<0.01). It is on line with the natural rule.
Estimated economical efficiency of two
treatments
The material exchanging into the meat of animals in the
treatments is showed on table 5.
|
Table 5. The feed conversion ration of the
treatments |
|||||
|
|
Supplied feed (kg of DM) |
Total weight of animals (kg) |
FCR |
||
|
Treatment |
By-products |
Artificial food |
Total |
||
|
BP |
2071 |
270 |
2341 |
427 |
5.48 |
|
BP-PM |
783 |
1290 |
2073 |
643 |
3.22 |
In the treatment 1 the animals were fed by most of by-products.
They have very low nutrient and protein content is very lower than
artificial feed, so that their FCR higher than that in treatment 2.
Therefore, it is so difficult and not corrected if to compare the
exchanging materials in the treatments, because of the ratio of
feed of treatments were different. And our main purpose is the
finding out the best way to increase farmers' income (it means that
their living will be improved, too). So that, the comparing base on
the economic efficiency is more suitable at all.
|
Table 6. Analysis economical efficiency of the
treatments/Unit: VND |
||||||||
|
Items |
Unit |
Price |
Treatment BP |
Treatment BP-PM |
||||
|
(VND) |
Quantity |
Amount |
Quantity |
Amount |
||||
|
A- Inputs |
||||||||
|
1. Fingerlings of fish |
fish |
1,500 |
1,200 |
1,800,000 |
810 |
1,258,000 |
||
|
2. Breeds of pig |
Pig |
220 |
0 |
0 |
9 |
1,980,000 |
||
|
3. Cost for collection by-products |
Kg |
300 |
2070 |
621,000 |
782 |
234,600 |
||
|
4. Cost artificial feed |
Kg |
2,000 |
270 |
540,000 |
1290 |
2,580,000 |
||
|
5. Others |
- |
- |
- |
300 |
- |
300 |
||
|
Total (A) |
|
3,261,000 |
|
6,052,600 |
||||
|
B- Out put |
||||||||
|
1. Fish |
kg |
12,000 |
487.14 |
5,845,680 |
212.93 |
2,555,160 |
||
|
2. Pig |
kg |
11,500 |
0 |
0 |
435.2 |
5,004,800 |
||
|
Total (B) |
|
5,845,680 |
|
7,559,960 |
||||
|
C- Analysis economical efficiency |
||||||||
|
|
Treatment
BP |
Treatment
BP-PM |
||||||
|
1. Crude profit ( = out put - in put) |
2,584,680 |
1,503,360 |
||||||
|
2. Efficiency of capital = (net profit/total capital)
100% |
79.23 |
24,84 |
||||||
|
3. Internal rate of return (IRR) (1) |
0.793 |
0.25 |
||||||
Total revenue - total
cost
Note (1): IRR =
____________________________________
Total
capital cost
- The analysis results showed that the using directly
agricultural by-products in fish pond get very high efficiency in
economic. In addition, the expenditure of this method is rather
low. It is very suitable with the socio-economical condition of the
farmers who live in removed mountain areas of
Vietnam.
- The integrated pig-fish culture is get rather high profit,
too. However, The profit is lower than using directly green feed
for fish culture.
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
-
The culture fish by agricultural by-product have got very high economical efficiency and suitable with the knowledge and capital of the mountain farmers in HongHa and Huong Nguyen communes.
-
The integrated pig-fish culture has the good results and it should be developed in order to diversity of animal products.
-
This study has been studied for five months. So, in this our paper the data is primary results. The study will be implemented continue to get more adequately.
References
Le Van An 2002The status social-economical conditions of
Hong Ha and Huong Nguyen commune. The final report of Upland
project. Hanoi Rural publication (supported IDRC)
Nguyen Phi Nam and Nguyen Duc Binh 1998 Potential of
green feed for development fish culture in Hongha commune. Period
report of Upland project (supported by IDRC)
Nguyen Phi Nam 2002The results of study on developing
fish culture for ethnic families in Hongha commune. Final report of
Upland project. Hanoi Rural publication (supported
IDRC)
FAO 1999Integrated resource management for sustainable
inland fish production. Rome, Italy, 15-19 February
1999
David Little and James Muir 1987 A guide to integrated
warm water aquaculture. Published by the Instuitute of Aquaculture.
University of Stirling, Scotland
Hopkins K D and Cruz E M 1982 The ICLARM-CLSU integrated
animal-fish farming project: final report. ICLARM