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Photo 1: Water Spinach |
Photo 2: Jackfruit foliage |
| Contents | MEKARN MSc 2008-10; Miniprojects |
It was a 3*3 Latin Square design with three treatments and three periods. Those treatments were Jackfruit foliage alone, Jackfruit foliage supplemented with water spinach 0.65kg and Jackfruit foliage supplemented with water spinach 1.35kg. The aim of this research was to compare nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention between jackfruit foliage as a sole diet (Farmers’ habit) and jackfruit foliage supplemented with water spinach.
There was no significant difference in dry matter and nitrogen intake with or without a water spinach supplementation. Also, digestibility of dry matter was not improved with supplementation of water spinach at levels of 0.65kg and 1.35kg. However, nitrogen digestibility decreased gradually when supplemented with water spinach. Nitrogen in faeces increased sharply whereas there was no difference in nitrogen excretion in urine among those three diets. Interestingly, nitrogen retention was not increased but decreased dramatically when supplemented with water spinach.
It was concluded that there was no effect on dry matter intake and dry matter digestibility. In contrast, negative response was observed in nitrogen digestibility and nitrogen retention when water spinach was offered in high proportion in daily diet. High moisture content in faeces and high volume of urine were associated with these negative responses. In other words, there was diuretic effect of water spinach when it was supplied in high proportion in the diets.
As the matter of fact, there are some major constraints which limit the development of goat production among rural farmers. Those include genetic factors, feed in dry season, diseases and management resulting in low productivity and poor reproduction. The rapid price increase of agricultural products is concerning people especially in developing countries. On the other hand, Gasoline issue is becoming worse every day because the peak of its production and the increasing demand of energy around the world. Many large scale farms in Europe have already gone to the end and closedown when they failed to support feed, most of which are imported. Those resulted in inadequate supply of food for human consumption, a main start of world food problems. Also, Farmers raise local breeds, which have a small body size and there is a lack of feed during the dry season resulting in low productivity and poor reproduction (Sopha Xaypha and Ledin 2005).
Tree leaves have been used traditionally by farmers as animal feed but relatively little is known about their potential to replace conventional protein-rich concentrates such as soya bean meal and fish meal (Keir et al 1997). Also, goats can eat and utilize many different kinds of tropical foods efficiently even though there are some anti-nutritional factors found among those species. Moreover, the price of goats’ meat is still cheaper compared to the other ones. Farmers can have variety of local feed for goats as these animals sometimes can consume what other animals completely ignore like jackfruit foliage or mimosa leaves. In the last decade, in many tropical countries and regions, trend to identify and utilize locally available resources among shrub and tree leaves as feeds for ruminants has been increasing (Shayo 1998). This research will be done to study if Supplementing Jackfruit leaves with a readily fermentable source of nutrients (eg: water spinach) will increase feed intake, digestibility and N retention in growing goats.
Supplementing Jackfruit leaves with a readily fermentable source of nutrients (eg: water spinach) will increase feed intake, digestibility and N retention in growing goats
To evaluate digestibility and Nitrogen retention in goats fed Jackfruit foliage alone compared with a mixture of jackfruit foliage and water spinach.
The experiment will be designed as a 3*3 Latin Square with 10 day periods.
Ja: Jackfruit foliage alone
JaW0.5: Jackfruit foliage plus water spinach at level of 0.5% of live weight (DM basis)
JaW1: Jackfruit foliage plus water spinach at level of 1.0% of live weight (DM basis)
Three kinds of feed will be offered to randomized goats. Those are jackfruit foliage as basal diet, a mixture of jackfruit foliage with 0.5% dry matter of water spinach, and jackfruit foliage with 1% dry matter of water spinach.
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Layout of experimental design |
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The jackfruit foliage will be harvested in the campus of Kampong Cham National School of Agriculture while water spinach will be bought from farmers’ households near the college. All feeds will be hung in the feed trough. The feeds are offered twice daily: about 7.00am and 17.00pm. Water spinach will be fed first so that goats can consume 100% of it. Days 1 to 5 of each period will be for adaptation to the new treatment; and days 6 to 10 are for data collection.
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Photo 1: Water Spinach |
Photo 2: Jackfruit foliage |
Feeds are weighed before and after feeding to measure the intake. Feces and urine and feed residues are collected and weighed in the early morning and analyzed in laboratory at the same day. Each component will be analyzed for dry matter and nitrogen. Calculation of apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter and crude protein will be done as follows:
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Nitrogen retention: Nitrogen intake-(Nitrogen in feces + Nitrogen in urine)
The data will be analyze by Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of the Minitab software version 13.1. Sources of variation are goats, treatments, periods and error
Results
Intake and Nutrient Digestibility
DM intake and DM digestibility was not increased with a supplementation of water spinach at levels of 0.65kg and 1.35kg. On the other hand, there was a negative response for nitrogen digestibility among treatments. In control treatment which jackfruit foliage was fed alone, nitrogen digestibility was about 67.5 percent. However, there was a gradual decrease in nitrogen digestibility while supplementing with higher level of water spinach. For example, it went down to 62.7% at 0.65 water spinach supplementation and to 50.6% at 1.35 water spinach supplementation.
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Table 1: Mean value of feed intake in goats fed a basal diet of jackfruit foliage supplemented with water spinach at levls of 0, 0.65kg and 1.35 kg
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WS0 |
WS0.65 |
WS1.35 |
SEM |
Pro |
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Int, g DM/day |
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Ja L |
524.71 |
473.53 |
464.71 |
3.517 |
0.043 |
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Ja B |
75.00 |
73.50 |
59.81 |
3.517 |
0.085 |
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WS |
0.00 |
65.84 |
115.75 |
3.517 |
0.000 |
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Total DM |
599.71 |
612.87 |
640.27 |
21.00 |
0.36 |
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Figure 1: Effect of water spinach supplementation |
Figure 2: Mean value of N intake when supplemented with water spinach |
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Figure 3: Effect of water spinach on digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen |
Excretion of Nitrogen
There was a gradual increase in nitrogen excretion in faeces while supplementing with water spinach at level of 0.65 and 1.35. Without a supplementation, N in urine was 4.05. However, it increased to 4.66g with water spinach o.65 and to 5.49. Manure in the form of little diarrhea was noticed. There was no difference in nitrogen excretion in urine of diets with and without a supplementation. It was about 2.30g.
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Figure 4: Mean value of N excreted in faeces and urine when supplemented with water spinach compared to jackfruit foliage as a basal diet |
Nitrogen retention
There were negative effects on nitrogen retention in water spinach supplementation. Of course, N retention was 6.29g in basal diet. Then, it went down to 5.94g with and 0.65 water spinach supplementation and continued to go down to 4.17 in 1.35 water spinach supplementation.
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Figure 5: Effect of water spinach supplementation on nitrogen retention |
Figure 6: Nitrogen retention as percentage of nitrogen intake when supplemented water spinach |
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Figure 7: Nitrogen retention as percentage of nitrogen digested when supplemented water spinach |
Discussion
Manure in the form of little diarrhea was observed with diets supplemented with water spinach, so it would be the main cause of negative response in nitrogen digestibility. Results indicated that urine volume increased gradually while supplementing with water spinach of 0.65kg and 1.35kg. There was a diuretic effect of water spinach resulting in losing of N. Hence, nitrogen retention decreased. Similar effect was noted by Chhay Ty and Preston (2005) in an experiment where water spinach was increased from 17% to 47% of diet DM. Also, Chittavong Malavanh and Preston (2006) also observed decreased efficiency of utilization of dietary nitrogen (Increase in urinary nitrogen and lower nitrogen retention) in growing pigs as a result of increasing the proportion of spinach replacing fresh leaves of sweet potato. Chhay Ty and Preston (2006) found that high levels of water spinach (more than 30% dietary DM) replacing fresh cassava leaves, reduced the growth rate of pigs, probably as a result of the diuretic effect of water spinach. These three reports provided reasonable evidence that diuretic effect of water spinach would be the most preferable factor in N retention.
Conclusion
· There is no difference in DM intake and DM digestibility with a supplementation of water spinach of 0.65kg and 1.35kg
· Digestibility of nitrogen decreased gradually with water spinach supplementation.
· Negative response in nitrogen retention
· No difference in nitrogen retention as percentage of nitrogen digested among the three diets
· Nitrogen retention as percentage of nitrogen intake decrease
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank for MEKARN project, financed by SIDA-SAREC for supporting this research. Also, very much thanks to Dr. Thomas Reg Preston and Mr. Chhay Ty, whose advise is very helpful.
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