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Research Cooperation for
Livestock-Based Sustainable Agriculture in the Lower Mekong Basin |
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Title: |
Evaluation
of mulberry leaf meal as replacement for dried fish in rice bran / rubberseed
diets for growing Mong Cai pigs |
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Institutions: |
University
of Tropical Agriculture – Royal University of Agriculture (Cambodia) |
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Lead
scientists and institutions: |
Mr
Chiev Phiny University
of Tropical Agriculture and Royal University of Agriculture |
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Starting
date: |
May
2001 |
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Budget: |
USD
5,300 |
Research grant application (SAREC Regional fund)
(2001-2003)
1.0 Applicant (or team of applicants)
1.1 Name(s): Chiev Phiny
1.1.1 Name of Team leader
(where appropriate)
1.2 Sex: Female [ ], Male [X ]
Details for team leader only
1.3 Nationality : Cambodian
1.4 Date of birth: 5 January 1973
1.5 E‑mail address :
phiny@uta.edu.kh
1.6 Fax number:
1.7 Telephone number:
855-023-365445
1.8 Name of institution:
University of Tropical Agriculture Foundation
1.9 Name of immediate
supervisor: Dr T R Preston
2.0 Languages: Easily (E); Not easily (NE)
Read
Comprehend Speak Write
E NE E NE E NE E NE
English X X X X
3.0 Academic record (University only)
Name of University: Royal University of Agriculture
Dates: 1995 - 2000
Degree obtained: BSc
Dates:
Degree obtained:
4.0 Work Experience`(give dates and employer):
5.0 Previous and present position:
6.0. Your publications
Chiev
Phiny and Lylian Rodríguez 2001 Digestibility
and nitrogen retention parameters in Mong Cai pigs fed juice from sugar palm (Borassus
flabiller) supplemented with ensiled fresh water fish. Livestock Research for Rural Development,
(13) 2: http://www.cipav.org.co/lrrd/lrrd13/2/phin132.htm
(In press)
7.0 Scientific contacts (e-mail adddresses)
Dr
Julio Ly (julioly@uta.edu.kh)
Dr
T R Preston (trpreston@email.com)
Lylian
Rodriguez (lylianr@uta.edu.kh)
Khieu Borin (borin@forum.org.kh)
8.0 References
Give the names and addresses
(by e‑mail if possible) of three referees
Dr
Julio Ly (julioly@uta.edu.kh)
Lylian
Rodriguez (lylianr@uta.edu.kh)
Khieu
Borin (borin@forum.org.kh)
9.0 The target groups:
9.1 Improving the well-being
of the Rural Poor
9.2 Sustainable Use of
Renewable Natural Resources
9.3 Increasing biodiversity
My research is directed at
the Sustainable Use of Renewable Natural Resources (9.2)
10.0 The research you wish to undertake.
10.1 The problem to be addressed:
Analysis of local sources of
rice bran show that most of them are low in protein (less than 10% in dry
matter) probably because of a high proportion of fibre in the bran, originating
from the rice hulls. There are no data on the digestibility for pigs of local
sources of rice bran. If low digestibility of dry matter is a limiting factor
to pig growth, then substitution of
part of the bran with ground rubberseed meal (contains 25%oil) should be
advantageous.
The principal source of
supplementary protein for pig diets in Cambodia is dried small fish that are
harvested from the Tonle Sap river when water flows from the Tone Sap lake at
the beginning of the dry season. The
production is seasonal and only available to farmers in areas adjacent to the
river and to the capital. There is
therefore a need to develop alternative protein sources which can be used
instead of fish meal in rice bran diets for pigs and which can be grown in
farmers’ fields. Mulberry (Morus alba) adapts well to conditions in
Cambodia and is highly productive with high nutritrive value when fertilized
with biodigester effluent or goat manure (San Thy 2001, personal
communication).
10.2 What is the hypothesis you wish to test?
Three hypotheses will be
tested:
1. The leaves of the
mulberry tree (Morus alba) will be comparable with dried fish as a supplement
to improve the protein supply in diets for growing pigs based on rice bran.
2. The nutritive value of
the mulberry leaves will be the same when fed fresh or after sun-drying
3. Substituting 30 to 40% of
the rice bran with ground whole rubberseed will raise the digestible energy
content of the diet and increase nitrogen retention in growing pigs.
10.3 Work plan
The study will involve two
experiments. One experiment will study the effect on digestibility and nitrogen
retention in growing pigs of supplementing rice bran with dried fish or
mulberry leaf meal, and of replacing 50% of the bran with ground rubberseed.
The second experiment will compare fresh and dried leaves of Mulberry as a
supplement to rice bran (or the mixture of rice bran and rubberseed ) with or
without dried fish.
Experiment 1: Mulberry leaf
meal or fish meal as protein sources for rice bran
Treatments and design:
Eight Mong Cai castrated
male pigs of 8-10 kg liveweight will be allocated to a replicated 4*4 Latin
square arrangement of the following treatments:
· RBM: Same as RBDF but with mulberry leaf meal instead of fish meal
· RBRSF: Same as RBM but with ground rubberseed (30% replacement of rice bran on DM basis) and dried fish to raise the protein to 13% in dry matter
· RBRSM: Same as RBCDF but with mulberry leaf meal instead of fish meal
There will be a preliminary
period during which only rice bran (RB) supplemented with minerals and vitamins
is fed at 4% (dry matter basis) of liveweight. The arrangement of treatments
for each square is in Table 1.
Experimental
periods are of 10 days: 5 days for adaptation and 5 for collection of faeces
and urine.
Experiment 2: Fresh or dried leaves of Mulberry
Treatments and design:
Eight Mong Cai castrated male
pigs of 8-10 kg liveweight will be allocated to a replicated 4*4 Latin square
arrangement of the following treatments:
· RBFM: Same as RBDM but with fresh leaves of Mulberry
· RBDMDF: Same as RBDM but with dried fish providing 50% of the supplementary protein
· RBFMDF: Same as RBFM but with dried fish providing 50% of the supplementary protein
Feeds and housing (both experiments)
Foliage (leaves and
petioles) of mulberry, grown on the UTA farm, will be sun-dried and ground to
make leaf meal, or fed freshly harvested. Whole rubberseed will be obtained from
Chup Rubber Plantation and ground by machine.
Dried fish are purchased in the market and ground to make a meal. Rice
bran is purchased from a rice mill where it is known that the bran contains
less than 10% protein. The pigs are housed in metabolism cages made from bamboo
and rattan with floor area of 70*70cm.
Digestibility and nitrogen
retention
Feed allowances are set at
4% (dry matter basis) of liveweight. Faeces are collected daily and stored at
–20 C until the end of the collection period when they are weighed, mixed and
sub-samples taken for estimation of dry matter and nitrogen (on the fresh
faeces). Urine is collected daily in
containers with N H2SO4 to keep the pH below 4.0. At the
end of the collection period the total quantities are weighed and sub-samples
taken for nitrogen determination.
Measurements
Statistical
analysis
The
data will be analysed by ANOVA using the GLM model of the Minitab (version
12.1) software.
The low nutritive value of rice bran is a factor limiting the efficient use of this widely available feed resource in Cambodia. Supplementation with dried fish or Mulberry leaves, and partial replacement of the bran with ground rubberseed will be studied in order to improve pig performance on these diets. Two experiments will be done to measure digestibility and nitrogen retention in growing pigs given diets of: rice bran supplemented with dried fish or mulberry leaf meal and with replacement of 30% of the bran with ensiled cassava root (experiment 1); rice bran (or the mixture of rice bran and rubberseed), and with fresh or dried leaves of Mulberry with and without fish meal (experiment 2). Eight Mong Cai pigs of 8-10 kg liveweight will be fed the experimental diets in a replicated 4*4 Latin square arrangement and will be housed in metabolism cages for collection of faeces and urine. Nutritive value of the diets will be determined on the basis of apparent digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen and nitrogen retention.
12. Budget
|
Item No |
Description |
Cost (USD) |
Sub-total (USD) |
|
12.1 Equipment |
Micro-wave oven |
450 |
|
|
Accessories for Foss-Tecator |
1000 |
1450 |
|
|
12.2 Expend. supplies |
8 pigs |
160 |
|
|
Chemical reagents |
1000 |
|
|
|
Glassware |
500 |
|
|
|
Rice bran |
160 |
|
|
|
Rubberseed |
80 |
|
|
|
Dried fish |
100 |
|
|
|
Mulberry leaf meal |
100 |
|
|
|
Premixes |
50 |
2150 |
|
|
12.3 Literature / internet |
|
240 |
240 |
|
12.4 Local travel |
Motor cycle fuel, oil, repairs |
500 |
500 |
|
12.5 Extra labour |
Salary for 12 months |
960 |
960 |
|
|
Total |
5300 |
|
13. Justification of
budget items
1.The accessory for the Foss-Tecator
system is to automate the distillation / titration operation so as to be able
to process samples more rapidly.
2.The existing micro-wave oven
is 4 years old and needs to be
replaced.
3. Pigs have to be purchased
from the UTA farm and feeds from the market.
4. Reagents and glassware
have to be imported from Cambodia and are expensive
5. Access to the Internet is
expensive in Cambodia (USD 4.00/hour)
6. I use a motor cycle for
journeys to markets in Phnom to purchase supplies, and need to
buy fuel, oil and pay for
repairs
7. Labour is needed to help
with cultivation, harvesting and drying of mulberry foliage, and
in feed preparation and work
with the metabolism cages
References
Undersander D, Mertens D R and Thiex N 1993 Forage analysis procedures. National Forage Testing Association. Omaha pp 154
Van Soest P J, Robertson J B and Lewis B A
1991. Methods for dietary
fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non starch polysaccharides in relation to
animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74:3583-3593
Certified by the Head of
Department Applicant
Date: 6 March 2001
Date: 5 March 2001